Arsenic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arsenic - Essay Example The methods utilized in preparations of ceria nanoparticles and its coating on nanotubes is also reviewed. History of arsenic in field of chemistry, medicine and technology has been completely overshadowed by its role as poison in various homicides. In today's world extension of its similar role has been widely discussed due to world wide ground water contamination and many times referred as 21st century calamity. High concentration of arsenic has been reported from almost 21 countries and among them Bangladesh and West bengal region of India are considered to be the most affected area and significant amount of population are at risk (1). Arsenic is the 20th most abundant material found in earth crust and its concentration in most of rocks ranges between 0.5 to 2.5 mg/kg. Mobilization of arsenic is contributed by various natural phenomenon which include natural weathering reaction, biochemical mobilization, geochemical and volcanic emission etc. but, at many places excessive mining also contributes for the same. Arsenic exist in various oxidation state in natural environment which includ es -3,,0.+3. and +5. Figure 1 indicates the Eh-pH diagram of arsenic at 25C. Long term exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water have many medical manifestation which includes skin, lungs, bladder and kidney cancer, change in pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, neurological disorders, muscular weakness loss of appetite and nausea etc. As per the WHO guidelines the permissible arsenic concentration in ground water is 10ppb (0.01mg/l).World wide problem of ground water contamination with arsenic leads to extensive research in area of arsenic remediation in ground water. There are different methodologies developed arsenic removals, which are mainly classified as 1) Chemical processes, 2) Physical processes, 3) Biological processes, and 4) combination of all. Table 1 characterizes the various methodologies applied for arsenic remediation based on their principles. Arsenic pollution of water occurs due to various reasons like the natural leaching of rocks containing arsenic, mining, processing of mineral deposits and a discharge of industrial pollutants. Many techniques as shown in Table 1 are known for arsenic removal and adsorption is one of the main methods for its treatment. Many adsorbents like carbon, rare earth oxides, lanthanium and yttrium impregnated alumina, ion exchange fiber and lanthanium compounds are being known for the removal of arsenic from water(3). The development of nanotechnology and nanosciences has raised the expectation of its crucial role in environmental issues. A variety of nano-materials have been experimented in treatment of environment pollutants like Photocatalytic TiO2 and ZnS for removal of organics. Zerovalent iron (Fe (0)) and bimetallic Fe (0) as effective redox media for in-situ remediation of organics and inorganic pollutant. Among others Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) emerges as one of the most promising agent to be used with other nanomaterials due to its unique mechanical, electrical, optical and thermal properties which takes it one of the most ideal supporting material for nano coatings. Nano

Public-Private Partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public-Private Partnership - Essay Example These societal problems, as well as the inherent conflict of interests between the public and the private sector, are typified by a great extent of wickedness. Wicked problems are those conflicting matters confronting the public sector that demand a consolidated partnership by public and private sectors. The civil society, industries, and governments are not capable of addressing these problems independently (Dewulf, Blanken, & Bult-Spiering 2012). A wicked problem is complex, rather than just complicated, it is often intractable, there is no unilinear solution, moreover, there is no ‘stopping’ point, it is novel, any apparent ‘solution’ often generates other ‘problems,’ and there is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ answer, but there are better or worse alternatives. Wicked problems within public-private partnership are characterized as recurrent or persistent problems, often defined by indecision and conflict over interests or purposes that could influence the process of decision-making (Hodge & Greve 2005). According to Grint (2005), there are no simple solutions to these wicked problems confronted by PPP. Remarkable progress can be achieved in mitigating them, but they will not be totally eradicated. But the question is, why are PPP problems considered wicked problems? First of all, organizing or forming PPP is complex due to the challenge of bringing together the objective and interests of the numerous stakeholders— the private sector is composed of lenders, investors and firms supplying operational and construction services; on the other hand, the private sector is made up of public officials developing and enforcing PPP guidelines, those acquiring the PPP, and the public or citizens who utilize the infrastructures that a PPP offers (Biggs & Helms 2007).

Truth-in-Sentencing Laws in the US Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Truth-in-Sentencing Laws in the US - Term Paper Example Truth in sentencing laws was enacted in the U.S. to reduce the chances of early release from incarceration. Schmallenger (2011) points out that the law requires criminals to serve a substantial portion of the prison sentence imposed by the court before they can be allowed to leave the prison peripheries. The question that many ask relate to whether this kind of law is capable of deterring crime or not? Proponents of the law argue that truth in sentencing can help deter crime in a big way. Firstly, it is argued that locking offenders in prisons for a substantial period of time enhances public safety by deterring crime (Owens, 2010). This is because it prevents the offenders from engaging in criminal acts through incapacitation as they are locked. The locking incapacitates them as they are denied the freedom to move out and engage in criminal activities. This helps in deterring crime a great deal. Incarceration of offenders also prevents inmates from coordinating criminal activities wi th others who have not put in prison. Research shows that one means that criminals use to organize their criminal activities is through communication. This implies that denying a criminal the freedom to communicate and organize criminal acts is one way of addressing the issue of crime. This element has been made possible since the enactment of the truth in sentencing by ensuring that criminals are kept in prison for quite some time until they reform, thereby deterring crime. Truth in sentencing is not only meant to keep inmates in prison but also acts as a rehabilitation measure where inmates are being educated and counseled so as to become good people once they complete their sentences. This helps a great deal in deterring crime. Similarly, truth in sentencing deters would-be-offenders from engaging in criminal activities. This is because, they are aware that engaging in criminal activities may land them in jail where they would spend a substantial portion of their lives in prison, which no one would want. This helps in deterring crime (Owens, 2010). Truth in sentencing also deters crime due to the fact that it creates certainty of the punishment that one receives as a result of being incarcerated.  

Mackie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mackie - Essay Example The analogy of a stone created by the divine that is too heavy for even God to lift suggests limitations to God and, therefore, refutes his omnipotence. When suggesting that the God is incapable of creating a stone too heavy for himself to lift, then he was never omnipotent to begin with. In so many ways, using the Paradox of Omnipotence to suggest that God maintains limitations is a scientific or secular attempt to refute the possibility of God’s existence. Mackie argues that whether or not men are the creator of evil by their own consciousness, the paradox of omnipotence is still valid, thus it cannot be avoided. It would seem to suggest that Mackie believes that God would be incapable of removing evil from the world or from the hearts of men, thus he should be considered without omnipotence for it proposes a limitation. If God is said to be inherently good, then a failure to remove evil deeds from the word suggests he has created a situation out of his absolute control. I disagree strongly with Mackie’s position, perhaps with some level of personal bias, in suggesting that there are limitations to God’s omnipotence. Not all actions performed by God can be rationalized, and it is commonly cited in society that God works in mysterious ways. Since none in modern society have met God to discuss his motivations and opinions, it would be impossible to suggest that God is unable to provide contradictions. His testaments speak of considerable love and forgiveness, but at the same time there appear to be no actions undertaken to remove evil. It would be illogical to assume that God is not without complicated and complex reasoning, thus he could be standing idle allowing evil to exist for a specific purpose. Perhaps the evil occurring today is a means toward an end, which does not by any practical lens suggest that

The background, profile of the study & statement of the problem. Based Research Proposal

The background, profile of the study & statement of the problem. Based on my last project which was - Research Proposal Example The interventions come as a way of enforcing tobacco control strategy and when implemented they either lower or raise sales revenue for tobacco products marketing companies (Bump at al. 5). They come in form of increased tax rates on cigarette, increased competition, local or federal regulations on advertisements and sales, economic restrains, and technology standards (Suttle, 1). Others like increased tax on tobacco products work to raise revenue, correct externalities as well as regulate use of tobacco products (Who, 55). However, the intervention does not make the company less ambitious to increase sales revenue. It makes the company work harder to overcome all the handles in the most efficient way possible. The Company has increased its advertisement strategies, which has increased the company’s income level and foreign exchange in the Kenyan economy (Laikwan, 111). This makes the above-identified factors to require a research on how they affect sales revenue in cigarette marketing companies with BAT as the case study. According to Chacha (1), BAT is one of the greatest contributors to national economy through increases employment rates, income levels and earning the country foreign exchange. This has been made possible due to the different factors that BAT has had to put in place despite the many challenges it has had to pass. Among the factors are increased advertisements, maintaining the brand name and abiding by set regulations to ensure they remain in the market. These together with some of the intervention factors mentioned above affects BAT’s sales revenue in the country either positively or negatively. There is therefore a great need for an investigation on how each identified factor affects BAT’s sales revenue as a cigarette marketing company. BAT like any other cigarette marketing company has been faced with so many huddles and yet it has managed to maintain high-income

Consulting Sanario Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consulting Sanario - Research Paper Example Being a person that pays attention to detail, I would see myself as a note taker and organizer. As others propose ideas, I can then assimilate tasks to individual team members based on their ascribed strengths and weaknesses (Miller, 2008, p. 19). Working with a timeline, I can then strive to propose set deadlines that each task should be completed under in order that we are successful. In addition, I will work to allow enough flexibility to account for any last minute emergencies that may arise. The key component in a consulting firm is to deliver a quality product to customers, on time, every time (Larbi and Springfield, 2004, p. 102). That should be our primary focus as a team moving forward. During this program of study, I have learned the importance of follow-through in the business world. As such, it would be my aim to be a part of a consulting firm who only accepts projects that they know fits into their area of expertise and they are confident they can perform an excellent an d effective job. If we do that, then we should be well on our way to

A Brief Summary of 5 Disorders Essay Example for Free

A Brief Summary of 5 Disorders Essay Bipolar I Disorder is defined by the DSM-5 as manic or mixed episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. During this manic episode, people typically experience an expansive mood, excessive optimism, grandiosity, and poor judgment. Usually, the person also has depressive episodes, typically lasting at least two weeks. During the depressive episode, people may become hostile and physically threatening to other and also, when delusional, may be physically assaultive or suicidal. The symptoms of mania or depression must be a major change from the persons normal behavior. Hypomanic episodes also exist in which a person experiences at least 4 consecutive days of increased energy and activity and elevated mood. Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 300.23 (F40.10) The diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) includes an anxiety associated with social situations in which a person feels pressure or scrutiny by others. Such social situations almost always provoke fear in the individual typically lasting for 6 months of more. There is a specific branch of this disorder in which the individual only fears public performance: such as singing, communicating a speech, an athletic event, and often affects work and school activities. Typically those individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder have a fear or anxiety that is judged to be out of proportion to the actual risk of being negatively evaluated or to the consequences of such negative evaluation. Nightmare Disorder307.47 (F51.5) Nightmare Disorder is a repeated occurrence of dysphoric and well-remembered dreams that involve threats to survival and personal security. Typically, the dream occurs in the second half of the major sleep episode. Other criteria involves the individual experiencing distress affecting social interactions at work or other important areas of function.  These nightmares are not caused by the substance consumption of alcohol, drugs, or medication. The DSM-5 defines a nightmare as a long and detailed, story-like sequence of dream imagery that appears real and causes anxiety, stress, or fear. In several instances, nightmares may be comorbid with several medical conditions, including coronary heart disease, cancer, Parkinsonism, and pain, and can accompany medical treatments. Paranoid Personality Disorder301.0 (F60.0) Paranoid Personality Disorder falls under the broad category of personality disorders. The criterion for paranoid personality disorder includes a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. Typically the individual suspects without evidence that other people are out to harm or exploit him or her, determines that friends and associates are not to be trusted, is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fears, reads into hidden meanings about people or events, has unforgiving attitude and grudges towards people, counterattacks angrily when feeling that character or reputation is being attacked, and has recurrent suspicions without justification regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner. The pattern of this disorder is obviously one of distrust and suspiciousness. Generally these individuals are difficult to get along with and often do not participate in close relationships with others. Pedophilic Disorder302.2 (F65.4) Pedophilic Disorder is defined when an individual has recurrent, intense sexual arousing fantasies, urges, or behavior with a child 13 years or younger over a period of 6 months. Either the individual has acted on the urges or these urges have caused serious distress and interpersonal difficulty. The individual must be at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child or children. If individuals complain that their sexual attractions or preferences for children are causing psychosocial difficulties, they may be diagnosed with pedophilic disorder. The presence of multiple victims is sufficient but not necessary for diagnosis of pedophilia. Pedophilia per se appears to be a lifelong condition. Pedophilic disorder contains elements that may change over time with or without treatment: subjective distress, psychosocial impairment, or the decision to  act upon desires. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.